Additionally, the opportunities to enhance the overall accuracy and stability of non-invasive glucose sensing and even predict blood glucose development to avoid hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia using post-processing and sensor fusion are presented. Thereby, scientific sensor systems are compared to commercial devices by validating the sensor principle and investigating their performance utilizing the Clarke error grid. In this paper, electrochemical and electromagnetic non-invasive blood glucose monitoring approaches will be discussed. In recent decades, non-invasive monitoring has been regarded as a dominant research field. Nowadays, it is common to use blood glucose meters or continuous glucose monitoring via stinging the skin, which is classified as invasive monitoring. Therefore, to treat diabetes, regular blood glucose monitoring is crucial since it is mandatory to mitigate the risk and incidence of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia.
For 1000 patients with T2DM using basal-bolus insulin, 1220 SHEs/year (with 48 hospitalizations) could be prevented and FreeSytle Libre 2 system could generate cost savings of up to €580,953/year versus SMBG (- 21.5%).įreeStyle Libre 2 system is a potential cost-saving strategy in patients with T2DM in Spain on a basal-bolus insulin regimen.ĭiabetes is a chronic and, according to the state of the art, an incurable disease. Unitary costs (€, year 2020 excluding VAT) were derived from literature (€0.28/strip €0.09/lancet €3.09/daily FM sensor €3804/hospitalized SHE €1794/hospital-attended non-admitted SHE €389/community-attended SHE).Ĭosts were €2700 and €2120/year/patient using SMBG or FreeStyle Libre 2 system, respectively. Consumption of strips and lancets was set at 6/day for SMBG (derived from national monitoring recommendations), and 0.2/day for FreeStyle Libre 2 system users, with 26 FreeStyle Libre 2 sensors/year. Hospital attendance for 20.5% of SHEs (with subsequent hospitalization in 16.0%) was applied. A reduction of SHE (- 48.8%) associated with FreeStyle Libre 2 system, derived from the REPLACE trial, was applied. A published rate of SHE (2.5 episodes/patient-year) was considered. The cost estimate included annual consumption for glucose monitoring (strips, lancets and sensors) and severe hypoglycaemic events (SHE) management. On the basis of data collected from a literature review, the cost of glucose monitoring was modelled for patients with T2DM on a basal-bolus insulin regimen. The study aimed to compare cost of FreeStyle Libre 2 system and self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) population from the Spanish Health System perspective. The use of the FM system to monitor glucose in adults with T1DM treated with MDI, would reduce hypoglycemic events and would result in cost savings for the health system.įreeStyle Libre® 2 system is a sensor-based flash-monitoring system that measures interstitial fluid glucose. In the SA with alternative hypoglycemia events rates and use of strips and lancets, and including non-SHE episodes, savings from €370 000 to €1 760 000 were observed with FM. In addition, the use of FM would generate total savings of up to €1 910 000 per year. In a hypothetical cohort of 1000 patients with T1DM MDI, FM could avoid in 1 year 4900 SHE, 93 hospitalizations for SHE. The use of FM would be associated with an annual savings in the costs of monitoring and managing hypoglycemic events of €1911 per patient-year. The total annual cost/patient was €4437 for SMBG and €2526 for FM. Sensitivity analyses (SA) were carried out to evaluate the model robustness. Unit costs (in € of 2019, excluding VAT) were obtained from literature and national databases. Annual consumption of 26 FM sensors was considered (1 every 14 days).
FREESTYLE LIBRE FLASH GLUCOSE MONITORING SYSTEM COST TRIAL
The daily consumption of strips and lancets was 9 in patients with SMBG (before and after 4 daily intakes and at bedtime) and 0.5 for FM users (according to IMPACT trial findings). Published rates of hospital care (20.2%) and subsequent admission (16%) were assumed for SHE. Reduction of SHE (58.6%) was modeled associated with FM use. According to published evidence, rate of severe hypoglycemia (SHE) of 4.90 episodes per patient-year was applied. Compare cost of the interstitial liquid glucose flash monitoring (FM) system (FreeStyle Libre 2) versus self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Spain.Ī model was developed to estimate, with the perspective of the Spanish health system, the annual costs associated with glucose monitoring and hypoglycemic events management in T1DM population, with multiple insulin daily doses (MDI).
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